DS 202 Final Project Report
Abhay, Srika, Neha, Esha, Niharika
2023-11-12
Part 1
“Socio-Economic Factors Influencing Employment in the United States: A Comprehensive State-by-State Analysis”
Abstract (TL;DR)
This project investigates the impact of socio-economic factors on employment rates across U.S. states. Utilizing ACS 2021 data, we explore relationships between employment and variables like education, citizenship, and housing. Key findings include significant correlations that inform employment dynamics in the U.S.
Motivation
We aim to analyze various socio-economic factors influencing employment in the U.S. This study is crucial for understanding how different aspects like education, age, and housing contribute to employment rates, thereby aiding policymakers and researchers.
Summary
We have imported data set from the ACS survey. We have 6 child RMD
files for this project which has the data analysis for the Employment,
Education, Citizenship, Age, Housing, Disabilities Data Set (ACS
2021).
Further, we started exploring each data set in detail and then we
started combining each data set with the employment to see what results
we can expect. We did find many direct relationships with each data set
on employment data set. We have put our concluding results in the Final
Report to help us stand by with our conclusions.
Part 2:
Data Sets and Variables
The below data sets are from data.census.gov [ United States Census Bureau]. We shortlisted it based on ACS 2021, inclusive for all states in United States.
Employment - K202301
Variable Description Total Total Employment Data In Labor Force Total People in Labor Force Civilian labor force: Total People in Civilian Labor Force Employed Total People Employed Unemployed Total People Unemployed In Armed Forces Total People in Armed Forces Not in labor force Total People not in Labor Force Education - K201501
Variable Description Education_Total_students Total Students in the Education Survery Education_Below_9th grade Number of students who have completed 9th grade Education_9th to 12th grade_no diploma Number of students who have completed 9th grade to 12th grade but no diploma Education_High_school_graduate Number of high school graduate students Education_Some college_no degree Number of people enrolled into some college but have not acquired a degree Education_Associates_degree Number of people with associates degree Education_Bachelors_degree Number of people with bachelors degree Education_Graduate_professional degree Number of people with Graduate Degree Citizenship - K200501
Variable Description Total Total Number of people in survey U.S. citizen Number of US citizen in the survery Not a U.S. citizen Number of Non US Citizens in the survery Age - K200104
Variable Description Total_age Total number of people in the age data frame Age_under_18 Total number of under 18 people “Age_18_to_24 People between 18 to 24 Age_25_to_34 People between 25 to 34 Age_35_to_44 People between 35 to 44 Age_45_to_54 People between 45 to 54 Age_55_to_64 People between 55 to 64 Age_over_64 People over 64 Housing - K202502
Variable Description Total Total Number of People in housing data frame Owner Occupied Total Number of people who have their own home Renter Occupied Total Number of people who are renting a place Disabilities - K201803
Variable Description Total_people Total Poeple in the data frame Total With Disabilities Total with disabilities Hearing Total with hearing problem Vision difficulty Total with vision problem cognative Total with cognative problem ambulatory difficulty Total with ambulatory difficlty Self-care difficulty Total with self care difficulty No Disability Total without disabilities
Employment
Interpretations:
High Employment States: The states at the far left, such as Nebraska,
Minnesota, and Iowa, show the highest employment rates, each appearing
to exceed 60%. Low Employment States: On the right side, Puerto Rico,
West Virginia, and Mississippi have the lowest employment rates
depicted, with Puerto Rico showing a rate significantly lower than all
states, possibly below 40%. Variability: The chart shows that there is a
significant variability in employment rates across different states and
territories. This could be due to a variety of factors such as economic
policies, industrial diversity, population demographics, and educational
attainment levels.
The above bar chart shows the number of people who are employed, in armed forces or unemployed for each state. We can observe that bigger cities like california, new york, texas etc have the highest number of people who are employed. We can also notice that unemployment while compared to employment is less in each city.
The above graph shows the unployment rates across different states. We can observe that most number of states have an unemployment rate between 1-4.5%
The above chart shows the distribution of employment rates in the form of a map of the united states for better visualization. We can see that states like UT,NE,MN have the highest employment rates.
Education
As a data science student, I’m captivated by how education influences economic and societal progress. My analysis focuses on how higher education correlates with improved job prospects and financial stability. With the wealth of educational data available for longitudinal study, I’m keen to understand and potentially shape educational policy. I’m especially interested in how education imparts essential skills for the modern workforce and promotes adaptability in a tech-driven world. Ultimately, my work delves into education’s role in fostering individual growth and its potential to drive societal change.
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) based on percentage
Inference for the above garph
The bar chart depict the distribution of educational attainment by state, represented as a percentage of the total population within each state. From the graph, we can infer that certain states have a higher percentage of individuals with specific levels of education for instance the states with larger populations, such as California, Texas, Florida, and New York, exhibit the highest numbers in educational attainment across all levels, from below 9th grade to graduate or professional degrees. This suggests a diverse educational demand and a corresponding supply of educational institutions and job opportunities that require various levels of education. California stands out with the highest numbers in every category, reflecting its vast and diverse educational landscape. While the prevalence of higher education degrees in states like Illinois denotes a strong higher education system, the significant figures for those with less than a high school diploma highlight ongoing challenges in educational access and retention in these heavily populated states.
Inference for above Three Graphs
The above three bar charts illustrate the distribution of various education levels across different states. The first chart likely represents the percentage of the population with a bachelor’s degree, showing a gradual increase in educational attainment towards District of columbia states. The second chart appears to show the distribution of master’s degrees, which, while following a similar pattern, reflects lower percentages indicative of the reduced number of individuals who pursue postgraduate education. The third chart, presumably depicting high school diploma holders, presents a more pronounced variability, culminating in a steep increase for the last few states. This suggests a greater disparity in high school graduation rates across states. Generally, states with higher percentages of bachelor’s and master’s degree holders also have a high percentage of high school diploma holders, indicating possible correlations between state education policies and the value placed on education.
Citizenship
The ratio of US Citizens vs Non-US Citizens varies greatly across
various states in the U.S. as you can observe from the graph above.In
general there is a trend observed that , states with lesser US citizens
have a lower employment rate.
Age
Age is one of the important social factor which affects the job market. Employers may discriminate against older workers, believing them to be less productive, adaptable, or tech-savvy. This can lead to age bias in hiring and promotion practices, affecting older workers’ job opportunities.Younger workers may be willing to accept lower wages than older workers, making them more cost-effective for employers. Contradistinction in some fields older workers often have decades of experience and accumulated wisdom in their field, making them valuable assets to any team. They may have a deeper understanding of industry trends, protocols, and best practices, leading to better problem-solving and decision-making skills. Due to their experience and expertise, older workers may require less training than younger colleagues, saving employers time and resources.
The above plot shows the Percentage of total population in a particular age group in the state.We can also observe that the proportion of population in each state in age groups over 64 year and under 18 years are higher compared to the other age groups.That is expected because the interval in that category is bigger than the others which are 10 years interval.
The above plot facets by the proportion of population a particular age group.Most of the times all the states have almost the same proportion of people in the different age groups.From this graph we can find if some state is an outlier for any age group.For example if we look at the district of Columbia we can see that it has a different trend compared to the other states of US in almost all the age groups.
Prime Working Age Group
Workers in their prime years, defined by the government as 25-54 years.This age has started dropping in most parts of the country since the late 1960s, with steeper declines during recessionary periods.In 1969, the labor force participation rate of men ages 25 to 54 was 96 percent, and in 2015, the rate was under 89 percent according to US bureau of labor statistics. So, the following graphs are intended to focus on this prime working age group in states of US in 2021.
The above graph focuses on the proportion of population in the age group 25 to 34 years in the different states of the US. Important inferences from this graph:
We see that District of Columbia is a outlier compared to the trend from rest of the country.
It is important that we look at the top five state in this graph because we see more or less the same state but in a different order when we look at the other categories of prime working ages. The top 5 states with more population in this age is:
Colorado
Alaska
Washington
California
Utah
The 5 state with the lowest proportion of population in this age group:
West Virginia
Vermont
Maine
Mississippi
Wyoming
The above graph focuses on the proportion of population in the age group 35 to 44 years in the different states of the US.This graph shows a pattern similar to the previous graph. Important inferences from this graph:
We see that District of Columbia is a outlier compared to the trend from rest of the country in this age group too.
It is important that we look at the top five state in this graph because we see more or less the same state but in a different order when we look at the other categories of prime working ages. The top 5 states with more population in this age is:
Colorado
Washington
Alaska
Texas
Oregon
Utah
The 5 state with the lowest proportion of population in this age group:
New Hampshire
Michigan
Vermont
Delaware
Maine
The above graph focuses on the proportion of population in the age group 45 to 54 years in the different states of the US.This graph shows a pattern that is a little different from the previous 2 graphs which suggest why the declining age of prime working group is a rising issue in the US. Important inferences from this graph:
We see that District of Columbia is not a outlier in this age group.
It is important that we look at the top five state in this graph because we see more or less the same state but in a different order when we look at the other categories of prime working ages. The top 5 states with more population in this age is:
New Jersey
Georgia
New Hampshire
North Carolina
Connecticuit
The 5 state with the lowest proportion of population in this age group:
North Dakota
South Dakota
Utah
Montana
Nebraska
This graph attempts to look at all the prime working ages at once. We see overall the top 5 state are:
Colorado
Washington
California
Nevada
Texas
Housing
The above two bar charts show’s us the distrubution of precentage of
renter and owner occupied housing by state. We can see that states like
district of columbia, new york, california have the highest number of
people who rent the houses. And, states like west virginia, maine,
michigan have high number of people who own their own property.
Disabilities
In the bar chart titled “Disability Rates by State,” I notice a striking
range of disability rates across the U.S. states and territories. Puerto
Rico has the highest rate, over 20%, which is significantly higher than
any state, while states such as West Virginia, Mississippi, and Alabama
also have high rates, each above 15%. In stark contrast, Utah, New
Jersey, California, and the District of Columbia are at the lower end of
the spectrum, with rates around or below 10%. This variation suggests
that factors like healthcare access, occupation-related risks, and
demographic differences could play a role in these rates. From a policy
standpoint, it seems crucial that states with higher disability rates
may need to prioritize services and support systems for disabled
individuals. However, I’m aware that the chart doesn’t break down the
type or severity of disabilities, which would be essential for a more
nuanced understanding and effective policy-making.
The bar chart presents a comparison of different types of disabilities among residents of Iowa, with ‘Ambulatory difficulty’ being the most prevalent. This suggests that mobility impairments are a significant challenge for a large number of Iowans. ‘Independent living difficulty’ also represents a substantial portion, indicating that many individuals may struggle with daily activities without assistance. Interestingly, ‘Vision difficulty’ is the least common disability, which may reflect effective preventive care or accessibility to vision correction. ‘Hearing’ and ‘Cognitive’ disabilities fall in the middle range, signifying that while they are less common than mobility and independent living issues, they still affect a considerable number of people. This gives us a indepth analysis for each specific state. Similarly we can find for other states and dive deeper into the analysis.
“Socio-Economic Factors Influencing Employment in the United States: A Comprehensive State-by-State Analysis”
## $x
## [1] "Percentage of Bachelors Degree Holders"
##
## $y
## [1] "Employment Rate"
##
## $title
## [1] "Relation between Bachelors Degree Holders and Employment Rate"
##
## attr(,"class")
## [1] "labels"The plot suggests a positive correlation where states with a higher percentage of Bachelor’s degree holders tend to have higher employment rates, although the relationship does not appear to be very strong. The spread of the data points is quite broad, especially in the middle range of the percentage of Bachelor’s degree holders, which implies there are other factors at play influencing employment rates beyond just higher education attainment. The confidence interval, shown by the shaded area, is quite wide, indicating a significant variation in the employment rate at any given level of Bachelor’s degree holders. This leads me to think that while education is an important factor in employment, it is certainly not the only one, and state-specific economic policies, industries, and other socioeconomic factors might also play crucial roles.
| In labor force: | Civilian labor force: | Employed | Unemployed | In Armed Forces | Not in labor force | EmploymentRate | UnemploymentRate | NotInLaborForceRate | Education_Total_students | Education_Below_9th grade | Education_9th to 12th grade_no diploma | Education_High_school_graduate | Education_Some college_no degree | Education_Associates_degree | Education_Bachelors_degree | Education_Graduate_professional degree | U.S. citizen | Not a U.S. citizen | Total_age | Age_under_18 | Age_18_to_24 | Age_25_to_34 | Age_35_to_44 | Age_45_to_54 | Age_55_to_64 | Age_over_64 | Total | Owner Occupied | Renter Occupied | Total_people | Total With Disabilities | Hearing | Vision difficulty | cognative | ambulatory difficulty | Self-care difficulty | Independent living difficulty | No Disability | DisabilityRate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In labor force: | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.73 | 0.99 | -0.03 | 0.31 | -0.02 | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | -0.29 |
| Civilian labor force: | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.72 | 0.99 | -0.03 | 0.31 | -0.02 | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | -0.29 |
| Employed | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.73 | 0.99 | -0.02 | 0.30 | -0.02 | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | -0.29 |
| Unemployed | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 1.00 | 0.68 | 0.97 | -0.09 | 0.42 | 0.02 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.93 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.93 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.98 | -0.26 |
| In Armed Forces | 0.73 | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.68 | 1.00 | 0.72 | -0.05 | 0.17 | -0.04 | 0.72 | 0.71 | 0.74 | 0.66 | 0.75 | 0.70 | 0.73 | 0.71 | 0.72 | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.73 | 0.70 | 0.68 | 0.71 | 0.70 | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.71 | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.70 | 0.73 | -0.24 |
| Not in labor force | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.72 | 1.00 | -0.11 | 0.32 | 0.07 | 1.00 | 0.93 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 1.00 | 0.94 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | -0.21 |
| EmploymentRate | -0.03 | -0.03 | -0.02 | -0.09 | -0.05 | -0.11 | 1.00 | -0.45 | -0.96 | -0.06 | -0.10 | -0.13 | -0.10 | -0.05 | -0.08 | -0.02 | -0.01 | -0.07 | -0.03 | -0.05 | -0.03 | -0.04 | -0.04 | -0.04 | -0.06 | -0.07 | -0.10 | -0.05 | -0.05 | -0.05 | -0.05 | -0.13 | -0.11 | -0.18 | -0.13 | -0.16 | -0.16 | -0.15 | -0.04 | -0.80 |
| UnemploymentRate | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.42 | 0.17 | 0.32 | -0.45 | 1.00 | 0.22 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.37 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.28 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.27 | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.03 |
| NotInLaborForceRate | -0.02 | -0.02 | -0.02 | 0.02 | -0.04 | 0.07 | -0.96 | 0.22 | 1.00 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.05 | -0.03 | -0.05 | 0.03 | -0.04 | 0.01 | -0.01 | 0.00 | -0.01 | -0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.02 | -0.01 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.87 |
| Education_Total_students | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.72 | 1.00 | -0.06 | 0.32 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | -0.26 |
| Education_Below_9th grade | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.71 | 0.93 | -0.10 | 0.35 | 0.04 | 0.94 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.87 | 0.94 | 0.90 | 0.94 | 0.92 | 0.93 | 0.99 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.92 | 0.88 | 0.96 | 0.94 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.93 | 0.92 | 0.91 | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.95 | -0.20 |
| Education_9th to 12th grade_no diploma | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.74 | 0.99 | -0.13 | 0.32 | 0.09 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | -0.18 |
| Education_High_school_graduate | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.93 | 0.66 | 0.98 | -0.10 | 0.29 | 0.07 | 0.98 | 0.87 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.94 | 0.98 | 0.87 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.97 | -0.20 |
| Education_Some college_no degree | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 0.75 | 0.99 | -0.05 | 0.28 | 0.01 | 0.99 | 0.94 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 0.94 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | -0.25 |
| Education_Associates_degree | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.95 | 0.70 | 0.99 | -0.08 | 0.29 | 0.05 | 0.99 | 0.90 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 0.91 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 | -0.24 |
| Education_Bachelors_degree | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.73 | 0.99 | -0.02 | 0.33 | -0.03 | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 1.00 | -0.31 |
| Education_Graduate_professional degree | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.71 | 0.97 | -0.01 | 0.37 | -0.05 | 0.98 | 0.92 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.93 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.93 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.98 | -0.34 |
| U.S. citizen | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.72 | 1.00 | -0.07 | 0.31 | 0.03 | 1.00 | 0.93 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 1.00 | 0.94 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | -0.24 |
| Not a U.S. citizen | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.97 | 0.72 | 0.94 | -0.03 | 0.34 | -0.04 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 0.95 | 0.87 | 0.94 | 0.91 | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.94 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.91 | 0.93 | 0.88 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.94 | 0.93 | 0.95 | -0.30 |
| Total_age | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.73 | 1.00 | -0.05 | 0.31 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | -0.26 |
| Age_under_18 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 0.74 | 0.98 | -0.03 | 0.29 | -0.01 | 0.99 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 1.00 | -0.27 |
| Age_18_to_24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.74 | 0.99 | -0.04 | 0.30 | 0.00 | 0.99 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 1.00 | -0.26 |
| Age_25_to_34 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.74 | 0.99 | -0.04 | 0.32 | -0.01 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.00 | -0.27 |
| Age_35_to_44 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.74 | 0.99 | -0.04 | 0.31 | -0.01 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.00 | -0.27 |
| Age_45_to_54 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.73 | 1.00 | -0.06 | 0.32 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | -0.26 |
| Age_55_to_64 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.70 | 1.00 | -0.07 | 0.32 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.93 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | -0.26 |
| Age_over_64 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.95 | 0.68 | 0.99 | -0.10 | 0.31 | 0.06 | 0.99 | 0.90 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.91 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 | -0.23 |
| Total | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.71 | 0.99 | -0.05 | 0.31 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 1.00 | 0.93 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | -0.26 |
| Owner Occupied | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.93 | 0.70 | 0.98 | -0.05 | 0.28 | 0.02 | 0.98 | 0.88 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 0.88 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.98 | -0.25 |
| Renter Occupied | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.72 | 0.99 | -0.05 | 0.34 | -0.01 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | -0.27 |
| Total_people | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.73 | 1.00 | -0.05 | 0.31 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | -0.26 |
| Total With Disabilities | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.95 | 0.71 | 1.00 | -0.13 | 0.31 | 0.10 | 0.99 | 0.91 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 0.91 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | -0.17 |
| Hearing | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.93 | 0.72 | 0.99 | -0.11 | 0.27 | 0.08 | 0.99 | 0.91 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.94 | 0.99 | 0.91 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | -0.18 |
| Vision difficulty | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.94 | 0.73 | 0.98 | -0.18 | 0.32 | 0.14 | 0.98 | 0.93 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.93 | 0.98 | 0.91 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | -0.11 |
| cognative | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.95 | 0.71 | 0.99 | -0.13 | 0.31 | 0.10 | 0.99 | 0.92 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 0.91 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | -0.16 |
| ambulatory difficulty | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.95 | 0.71 | 0.99 | -0.16 | 0.32 | 0.13 | 0.99 | 0.91 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 0.91 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | -0.14 |
| Self-care difficulty | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.71 | 1.00 | -0.16 | 0.35 | 0.11 | 0.99 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.94 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | -0.16 |
| Independent living difficulty | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.70 | 1.00 | -0.15 | 0.34 | 0.11 | 0.99 | 0.93 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.93 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | -0.16 |
| No Disability | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.73 | 0.99 | -0.04 | 0.31 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | -0.27 |
| DisabilityRate | -0.29 | -0.29 | -0.29 | -0.26 | -0.24 | -0.21 | -0.80 | 0.03 | 0.87 | -0.26 | -0.20 | -0.18 | -0.20 | -0.25 | -0.24 | -0.31 | -0.34 | -0.24 | -0.30 | -0.26 | -0.27 | -0.26 | -0.27 | -0.27 | -0.26 | -0.26 | -0.23 | -0.26 | -0.25 | -0.27 | -0.26 | -0.17 | -0.18 | -0.11 | -0.16 | -0.14 | -0.16 | -0.16 | -0.27 | 1.00 |
The above table shows the correlation between all the variables from all the tables we took for the study. This table is particularly useful to do the first pick of which variables will be good to compare with each other. There is one thing we should be careful about when we take inferences from this table. Some variables are representing almost the samething so we should not take those variables for drawing conclusions.
The plot shows the number of people in each education level vs the number of unemployed in that state. The one difference that we can see is in the slope of the different age groups (the different color lines).The steepest one being the people with high school level of eductaion. And the lowest being the number of people with the education below 9th grade.
From the above graph we can infer that people who are between 18 years to 34 are the least unemployed amoung various states when compared to the other ages, with a few outliers. Age 55 to 64 are the most employed due to them being aged, due to retirement etc.
The above plotly plot shows the percentage of owner-occupied houses vs unemployment rate for each state.Each point represents and a state and we can hover over the point to get the corresponding state name and exact value of unemployment rate and percentage of owner occupied houses. Although we cannot see any clear pattern we can see that some points corresponding to Florida Texas and California have higher percentage of owner occupied housing compared to the otehr states the other states.
From the above graph, we can infer that, in each state, the number of people unemployed who are US citizen is more compared to who are not a US citizen. This could be due to a varity of reasons, few of them are: - Number of Non-US citizens are less compared to US citizens - Few companies employ people who have great GPA, academic performance, extracurrical activities and internation students who come to study in US tend to do more compared to a resident as they have more respponsibiltes on their shlolders as shown by a study conducted by Pew Research. This could also infers that many Non-US citizens in US, who get a job after studies or who come directly on a work visa tend to get a job and they stay stable for a period of time.
Part 3
Results
- Employment vs Education
The scatter plot labeled “Employment vs Education Levels” shows a positive correlation between the number of individuals with a Bachelor’s degree and the number of employed individuals. As I examine the plot, I notice that as the number of individuals with a Bachelor’s degree increases, so does the number of employed individuals, suggesting that higher education levels may be associated with better employment outcomes. The data points seem to form a rising trend, especially noticeable in the lower to middle range of the number of individuals surveyed. However, towards the higher end of the scale, the increase in employment with respect to the number of Bachelor’s degree holders becomes less pronounced. This could imply diminishing returns of higher education on employment at a certain point, or it might reflect a saturation of highly educated individuals in the job market
- Employment Vs Housing
The bar chart titled “Employed Individuals vs States by Housing Type” displays a comparison of employed individuals in various U.S. states, differentiated by housing type—owner occupied versus renter occupied.In most states, the number of employed individuals living in owner-occupied housing is higher than those in renter-occupied housing. This could suggest a correlation between home ownership and employment status, which may be due to a variety of economic and social factors, such as the stability that home ownership can provide or the possibility that employed individuals have a higher purchasing power to buy homes. Notably, in states like California and Texas, the bars representing owner-occupied housing are significantly taller, which might reflect a combination of high employment rates and a culture or economy that favors home ownership. On the other hand, the District of Columbia stands out with a higher proportion of employed individuals in renter-occupied housing, which could reflect urban real estate trends where renting is more common due to high property costs or lifestyle choices. Overall, the graph suggests a complex relationship between employment and housing type, influenced by state-specific economic conditions and housing markets.
- Citizenship Vs Employmennt
The bar chart, titled “Employed Individuals vs States by Citizenship Status,” shows the number of employed individuals in each state, categorized by whether they are U.S. citizens or not. Looking at the chart, I see that U.S. citizens make up the majority of employed individuals in every state, which is to be expected given the larger population of citizens versus non-citizens. However, the proportion of employed non-citizens is noticeable, especially in states like California and Texas, which may reflect these states’ larger immigrant populations and their contributions to the workforce. The data also shows that in states like the District of Columbia, the number of employed non-citizens is relatively high compared to the total employed population, indicating diverse labor pools in these areas. This graph underscores the significant role that non-citizens play in the U.S. labor market, particularly in states with large urban centers or industries that attract foreign workers.
Conclusions
This study provides insights into the socio-economic factors affecting employment in the U.S. Limitations include data scope and potential biases. Future work could explore more granular data and additional variables.
Part 4
Data Source
- Data from the American Community Survey (ACS) 2021.
- Scripts for data cleaning and analysis are included in the repository.
- 6 Child RMD files included in the repo, which support the DS202_final_project.rmd file
References
American Community Survey (ACS)
United States Census Bureau (data.census.gov)